Un examen de l'enseignement de la grammaire explicite et implicite
Résumé
Cet article traite d’une question épineuse qui a beaucoup retenu l’attention depuis l’Antiquité et qui continue d’attirer l’attention des chercheurs encore aujourd’hui : comment enseigner les règles grammaticales aux apprenants. Il y a ceux qui croient que cela ne sert à rien d’enseigner la grammaire, et il y a ceux qui voient la nécessité de l’enseigner de manière inférentielle ou introspective, clairement ou implicitement. Certains voient la nécessité de les combiner dans tout processus éducatif, et c'est ce que révéleront nos recherches.
Téléchargements
Références
- Adamson, Robin. 1998. "Modern language teaching and grammar: An explicit relationship?" Forum of Modern Language Studies, 4/2: 170-183.
- Bialystok, Ellen. 1981. "The role of linguistic knowledge in second language use". Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 4/1: 31-45.
- Bialystok, Ellen. 1982. "On the relationship between knowing and using linguistic forms." Applied Linguistics, 3/3: 181-206.
-Brown, H. Douglas. 1994. Teaching by Principles: An Integrative Approach to Language Pedagogy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Printice Hall Regents.
- Carr, Thomas H., & Curran, Tim. 1994. "Cognitive factors in learning about structured sequences". Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 16: 205-230.
- Dekeyser, Robert M. 1994. "Implicit and explicit learning of L2 grammar: A pilot study". TESOL QUATERLY, 28: 118-194. - Dekeyser, Robert M. 1995. "Learning second language grammar rules". Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 17/3: 379-410. - Dekeyser, Robert M. 1998. "Beyond focus on form / Cognitive perspectives on learning and practicing second language grammar". In C. Doughty & J. Williams (Eds.) Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition, (pp. 42-63). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Ellis, Nick. 1995. "Consciousness in second language acquisition: A review of field studies and laboratory experiments". Language Awareness, 4/3: 126-46.
- Krashen, Stephen D. 1982. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. New York: Printice Hall International. - Krashen, Stephen D. 1992. "Under what circumstances, if any, should formal grammar instruction take place?" TESOL QUATERLY, 26/2: 405-411. - Green, Peters & Hecht, Karlheinz.1992. "Implicit and explicit grammar: An empirical study". Applied Linguistics, 13/2: 168-184. - Harley, Birgit.1989. "Functional grammar in French immersion: A classroom experiment". Applied Linguistics, 10/3: 331-359.
- Harley, Birgit. 1994."Appealing to consciousness in the L2 classroom". AILA Review, 11: 57- 68.
- Hulstijn, J.H. 2002. "Towards a unified account of representation, processing, and acquisition of second-language knowledge." Second Language Research, 18: 193-223.
- Hulstijn, Jan H. & Hulstijn, Wouter. 1984. "Grammatical errors as a function of processing constraints and explicit knowledge". Language Learning, 34/1: 23-43
- Kelly, L.G. 1969. 25 Centuries of Language Teaching. Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers. - McLaughlin, Barry. 1990. "“Conscious” versus “Unconscious” learning". TESOL QUATERLY, 24/4: 617-634. - Mohammed, Abdel-Moneim M. 1993. "Towards a learner-centered technique of teaching grammar". Language Learning Journal, 7: 59-63. - Larsen-Freeman, Diane. 1995. "On the teaching and learning of grammar: Challenging the myths". In F.R. Eckman, D. Highland, P. - W. Lee, J. Mileham, & R. Rutkowski (Eds.), Second Language Acquisition Theory and Pedagogy, (pp. 131-150). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
- Odlin, Terence. 1986. "On the nature and use of explicit knowledge". IRAL, 24/2: 123-144.
- Rivers, Wilga M. 1981. Teaching Foreign Language Skills. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Rutherford, William E. 1987. Second Language Grammar: Learning and Teaching. London: Longman. - Rutherford, William E. & Sharwood-Smith M. 1985. "Consciousness-raising and Universal Grammar". Applied Linguistics, 6/3: 274-282.
- Sorace, Antonella. 1985. "Metalinguistic knowledge and language use in acquisition- poor environments". Applied Linguistics, 6/3: 239-254. - Spada, Nina. 1997. "Form-focused instruction and second language acquisition: A review of classroom and laboratory research". Language Teaching, 30/2: 73-85. - Swain, Merrill.1998. "Focus on form through conscious reflection". In C. Doughty & J.
- Williams (Eds.), Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition, (pp. 64-81). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Terrell, Tracy David. 1991. "The role of grammar instruction in a communicative approach". The Modern Language Journal, 75/1: 52-63.
- Ur, Penny. 1988. Grammar Practice Activities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Willingham, D. B.; Nissen, M.; & Bullemer, P. 1989. "On the development of procedural knowledge". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15: 1047-1060. - Winitz, Harris. 1996. "Grammaticality judgment as a function of explicit and implicit instruction in Spanish". The Modern Language Journal, 80/1: 32-46.